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德伯家的苔丝双语经典语录
德伯家的苔丝双语经典语句
给你10句经典的引语:
1.“You are the lineal representative of the ancient and knightly family of the d’Urbervilles, who derive their descent from Sir Pagan d’Urberville, that renowned knight who came from Normandy with William the Conqueror, as appears by Battle Abbey Roll?( P. 5 Parson Twingham plants the idea in John Durbeyfield’s mind that he and his family are better than their neighbors and thus begins Tess’s path toward destruction.)
2. “Tess Durbeyfield at this time of her life was a mere vessel of emotion untinctured by experience.”(P.13 At the beginning of the novel, Tess is angry when the villagers attempt to make fun of her prideful father riding home in a hired cart he can’t afford. In a state of heightened emotion, she tells her friends that she will no longer talk to them if they laugh at Durbeyfield. From the beginning, Tess demonstrates great love for her family. She will defend them to the death.)
3. “I don’t know; but I think so. They sometimes seem to be like the apples on our stubbard-tree, most of them splendid and sound—a few blighted.” (P.31 As the youngsters ride along at night to market, Tess pessimistically explains to her younger brother Abraham that stars are indeed worlds and that they have the misfortune to live on a blighted star and that this explains all their family’s misfortunes)
4. “By this time every couple had been suitable matched…an inner cloud of dust rose around the prostate figures.”(P. 68 Unlike Car Darch and the other crude working women, Tess keeps herself pure and apart from drinking and sexual activity. However, as Hardy would have it, despite her efforts, Tess’s fate insures that she will fail to preserve her chastity after she rides off with Alec d’Urberville into the woods.)
5.“I wish I had never been born--there or anywhere else. “(P. 87 Tess says this to Alec d’Urberville after he has seduced her and she feels forced to return home to Marlott in disgrace. She will make this wish over and over throughout the novel until she finally gets her wish.)
6. “Perhaps, of all things, a lie on this thing would do the most good to me now; but I have honour enough left, little as ‘tis, not to tell that lie.” (P. 89 After a month with Alec d’Urberville, Tess realizes she must leave him. Although it would serve her well financially to tell d’Urberville she is in love with him, Tess maintains her honor by leaving him and not becoming his paid mistress.)
7. “`Dead! dead! dead!’” he murmured. After fixedly regarding her for some moments with the same gaze of unmeasurable woe he bent lower, enclosed her in his arms, and rolled her in the sheet as in a shroud. Then lifting her from the bed with as much respect as one would show to a dead body, he carried her across the room, murmuring, ‘My poor, poor Tess, my dearest darling Tess! So sweet, so good, so true!’” (P. 279 After telling him of her secret past, Tess finds Angel sleepwalking and looming over her in the dark. Pride keeps Angel from accepting and loving Tess, yet unconsciously he remains deeply in love with her and understands her reasoning for not telling him the truth. This scene foreshadows Tess’s early death.)
8. “Under the trees several pheasants lay about, their rich plumage dabbled with blood; some were dead, some feebly twitching a wing…Tess’s first thought was to put the still living birds out of their torture, and to this end with her own hands she broke the necks of as many as she could find… ‘Poor darlings—to suppose myself the most miserable being on earth in the sight o’ such misery as yours!’ she exclaimed, her tears running down as she killed the birds tenderly.” (P. 312 After changing her mind about asking Angel’s parents for help, Tess despairs after spending the night outdoors. In the morning she spies the dead and dying pheasants and experiences an affinity for the tortured birds. Then, despite her tortured life at Flintcomb-Ash, she optimistically rallies and realizes that compared with the birds, her life is not bad. Despite her attempts to remain optimistic, however, Hardy’s pessimistic views insure that Tess is doomed and that the birds’ wrung necks foreshadow her own death by hanging.
9. “His father too was shocked to see him. So reduced was that figure from its former contours by worry…you could see the skeleton behind the man and almost the ghost behind the skeleton.” (P. 416 Like his forlorn wife Tess, Angel Clare also undergoes great mental and physical hardship when he is separated from her in Brazil. The price of forgoing his immature judgmental ways comes at great personal cost.)
10. “Justice was done, and the President of the Immortals, in Aeschylean phrase, had ended his sport with Tess.” (P. 447 The Greek dramatist Aeschylus wrote tragedies. Like Aeschylus’s characters, Tess ultimately had no control over her life. Her actions were fate-driven, predestined, determined solely by the whim, or the sport, of the gods.)
《德伯家的苔丝》是哈代最杰出的作品,也是英语文学中最伟大的作品之一。全书共四十万字,是哈代的“威塞克斯系列”小说中的一部。小说共由七部分组成,都围绕着苔丝这个女主角展开,描写了一位纯洁女性的幻灭历程,是十九世纪现实主义文学的里程碑之作。哈代在《德伯家的苔丝》里塑造了经典的女性形象苔丝,这也是其“性格小说”中的典型女性。在这部小说中,哈代用一个副标题表明自己对苔丝的态度,他认为苔丝是“一个纯洁的女性”,在维多利亚时代,哈代的看法是十分激进的,因为在小说中,苔丝不但失去了贞洁,还犯下杀人大罪,可是哈代却公然为其辩论,一生不改变自己的看法。
《德伯家的苔丝》,托马斯·哈代著
1891年,在伦敦的大街小巷,许多英国人在议论同一本书。他们中的一些人是批评家,读完后很生气,认为这本书大逆不道,亵渎了基督教和英国社会的神圣传统。于是,这些人在报刊上发布评论,批评这本新书。
可与此同时,这本书却在伦敦的贫民窟中传阅,许多农民和工人,尤其是其中的妇女群体,读完之后潸然泪下。她们为这本书的主人公而哭,为她的悲剧感到不值。那一年,这本书的作者托马斯-哈代收到许多信件,有破口大骂的,也有致以感谢的,一半是抨击,一半是感激。一百年后,骂声早已消逝,赞美留存世间,这本书也成为了作者本人的代表作、英国维多利亚时代的经典,受到后人的热情传颂。它就是我要讲的小说,书名《德伯家的苔丝》。
在介绍这本小说前,先来了解作者。哈代是19世纪著名的小说家、诗人,被英国另一位大作家伍尔夫誉为“英国最伟大的悲剧大师”。他的一生跌宕起伏,亲眼目睹了两次工业革命、二月革命、普法战争、巴黎公社、十月革命、第一次世界大战,可他最留恋的却不是伦敦这样的大都市,而是故乡多塞特郡。多塞特郡是他重要的写作素材,故乡的一草一木被他铭记于心,哈代大部分的小说都在描写他所熟悉的故乡,小说中描写的地点大都有其原型。
今天,这些地点成为名胜古迹,指引人们寻找小说的秘密。也是因为故乡的生活,哈代才能写出《德伯家的苔丝》这样清新洁净的文字:“在他身后,重山莽莽,阳光灿烂地照射在广阔的田野上,使整个景物毫无遮掩的呈现在眼前,一条条小路白晃晃的,一排排树篱低矮地盘结着,大气清澈无色。”
《德伯家的苔丝》是哈代最杰出的作品,也是英语文学中最伟大的作品之一。全书共四十万字,是哈代的“威塞克斯系列”小说中的一部。小说共由七部分组成,都围绕着苔丝这个女主角展开,描写了一位纯洁女性的幻灭历程,是十九世纪现实主义文学的里程碑之作。哈代在《德伯家的苔丝》里塑造了经典的女性形象苔丝,这也是其“性格小说”中的典型女性。在这部小说中,哈代用一个副标题表明自己对苔丝的态度,他认为苔丝是“一个纯洁的女性”,在维多利亚时代,哈代的看法是十分激进的,因为在小说中,苔丝不但失去了贞洁,还犯下杀人大罪,可是哈代却公然为其辩论,一生不改变自己的看法。
托马斯·哈代
(一)
苔丝到底是一位怎样的女性,能引起舆论的轩然大波?哈代又为什么坚持说她是“一个纯洁的女性”?我们先概括情节,然后把重点落在苔丝身上,来分析她的命运悲剧。
苔丝出生于一个贫苦小贩的家庭,这个家的原型是哈代的外祖母家。原本,他们一家人与世无争,虽然贫穷,倒也没有经历大的磨难。但有一天,苔丝的父亲约翰·德比被人告知是武士世家德伯的后代,他得意忘形。苔丝的母亲对这件事也信以为真,等苔丝回到家后,她就对苔丝说起这桩天大的好事,她得意洋洋地说:“这个话只要一传出去,一准有一大批跟咱们一样的贵人,坐着大马车,上这儿来拜望咱们。”由于姓氏的巧合,苔丝的父母想让女儿到当地富人德伯太太家去攀亲戚,好在经济上得到帮助。
实际上,德伯太太家与古老的武士世家毫无关系,她的丈夫是靠放高利贷起家的暴发户,从北方迁到这里,德伯这个姓是他从博物馆里找来的。苔丝到来后,德伯家的长子亚力克装出一片好心,让苔丝在他家养鸡,其实,亚力克一直觊觎着苔丝。三个月后,亚力克在冲动之下奸污了她。苔丝被侵犯后,带着心灵和肉体的创伤回到父母身边,她发现自己已经怀孕了,可婴儿生下后不久就夭折。她的痛苦不但没有得到同情,反而被村里人耻笑,痛苦不堪的苔丝决心改换环境,到南部一家牛奶厂打工。
在牛奶厂,苔丝与牧师的儿子安吉尔·克莱相爱并订婚。苔丝对温文尔雅的克莱十分崇拜,但她担心克莱不接受自己的过去。她几次想把自己曾被人诱奸的事告诉克莱,但都因种种原因而没有办到。结婚前数日,她曾写了一封长信将往事告知克莱,她把信从房门下边塞进克莱的屋子,结果却塞到了地毯下面。直到新婚之夜,她终于把这件事情告诉克莱,但是克莱没能原谅她。克莱做了一个很不负责的决定,他丢下苔丝,独自奔赴巴西。这让苔丝重新陷入痛苦之中。
克莱离开后,苔丝仍在一些农场打工糊口。造化弄人,她再次遇见亚力克。亚力克纠缠苔丝,不得到她决不罢休。就在此时,苔丝的父亲病死,母亲身体虚弱,一家人的生活重担全压在苔丝肩上。眼见“弟弟妹妹失学,房子租赁到期,一家人被撵出村子无处安身”, 家庭蒙难,自己受辱,苔丝本来还对克莱念念不忘,而此时,她已经濒临绝望,她的信仰乃至她对克莱的爱几乎都要动摇了,就是在这样一种绝境下,苔丝写信给克莱,语气激动而决绝。为了维系家庭的生存,苔丝的母亲接受了亚历克的帮助,而代价是,苔丝要成为亚历克的情妇。
此时,克莱开始反省自己过去的行为,他决定回到英国找回苔丝。造化弄人,与克莱重逢,让苔丝更加矛盾,她对亚力克重新燃起憎恨的火焰。因为就是这个男人,让他两度失身,让她在世俗眼光中丧失做人的资格。一个夜晚,苔丝回想起自己承受的种种苦难,她在冲动之下,将怒火汇聚在锋利的刀刃上,一刀捅死了亚力克。在与克莱一起度过幸福、满足的最后五天之后,苔丝被捕,最终被处以绞刑。
鲁迅说:“悲剧是将人生的有价值的东西毁灭给人看。”在小说的结尾,哈代庄严肃穆地写道:“‘死刑’执行了,用埃斯库罗斯的话说,那个众神之王对苔丝的戏弄也就结束了。德贝维尔家的骑士和夫人们在坟墓里躺着,对这件事一无所知。那两个一言不发的观看的人,把身体躬到了地上,仿佛正在祈祷,他们就那样躬着,过了好久好久,一动也不动。黑旗继续不声不响地在风中飘着。他们等到有了力气,就站起来,又手拉着手往前走。 ”
改编成电视剧的《德伯家的苔丝》剧照
(二)
苔丝之所以会引发争议,与三个方面有关。
第一,在维多利亚时代的卫道士看来,苔丝的行为有伤风化。我们知道,在这个故事中,富家子弟亚力克诱奸了苔丝,按照维多利亚时代的观念,如果此事暴露,人们非但不会怪罪亚历克,反而会苛责苔丝,怪罪这个年轻女性不知廉耻。亚力克在小说中的一段话就反映出这种社会观念。在侵犯苔丝后,他利用亚当被夏娃诱惑这段故事来指责苔丝,声称是苔丝诱惑了他才导致悲剧发生。亚力克甚至把苔丝形容为巴比伦巫婆,而后者是宗教经典《启示录》中的一位淫妇,也是一切可憎事物的母亲。由此可见亚历克对苔丝的看法。而事实上,当时很多文化界名人也是这么看待苔丝的。
第二,在传统基督教观念持有者看来,苔丝违背了基本的基督教教义。苔丝本来信仰上帝,她曾和其他乡下女孩一样背诵《圣经》,细心地学习过阿荷拉和阿荷利巴的历史。阿荷拉和阿荷利巴是两个在埃及行淫的女子,耶和华说:“必有义人审判她们,因为她们是淫妇。我必使多人来攻击她们,使她们抛来抛去,被人抢夺;这些人必用石头打死她们,用刀剑杀害她们,又杀戮她们的儿女,用火焚烧她们的房屋,好叫一切妇人都受警戒。”这段话令苔丝饱受煎熬,因为如果按照耶和华的观念,她是那个淫妇,她是否活该忍受唾骂、遭受命运的惩罚?
讽刺的是:《圣经》非但没有庇护她,反而让她被张口闭口信奉上帝的人玷污。亚历克和克莱都曾传播基督教教义,但在现实里,他们都无法恪守耶稣基督的教诲。比如亚力克,他在与苔丝重逢时,已经是一个披着黑袍的牧师,背诵着耶稣基督的经典,可是,他的内心却依然保有对女性的轻蔑,他得到苔丝的方式暴露出他的自以为是和表里不一。显然,哈代的这些处理激怒了一批基督教信徒,他们认为哈代把矛头指向了基督教。
还有一个例子可以彰显哈代对陈腐教条的批判。在被亚力克强暴后,按照维多利亚时代的道德观念,苔丝大可以顺水推舟,成为亚力克的骈妇,但她并没有顺从亚力克,她冒着被唾骂的风险,离开亚力克,独自生下孩子,而在这个孩子濒临死亡的时候,她擅自给孩子施行受洗。在教条的信徒眼里,私生子是不可以被公开受洗的,但苔丝却冒然行使这个本该属于牧师的职责,因为,基督教流传着一种说法:一个人生前未受洗礼,死后必下地狱。而苔丝不想让自己的孩子死后下地狱。
第三,苔丝的行为体现出她对父权社会的反抗,这让一大批人惴惴不安。在这部小说中,亚力克代表着父权社会,他自以为是,骨子里蔑视女性,捍卫着自己作为一个权力主导者的尊严。小说多次体现出亚力克的自以为是。比如:在重新遇见苔丝后,亚力克百般纠缠苔丝,他骂她是傻老婆,欺骗苔丝说,克莱再也不会回来了,他威胁苔丝:“你记住了,我的夫人,你从前没逃出我的手心去,你这回还是逃不出我的手心去。你只要作太太,你就得作我的太太。”为了得到苔丝,亚力克没有征得苔丝的允许,就与她的母亲达成交易,出卖苔丝的个人权利,由此可见亚力克的爱是多么自私。而苔丝对亚力克的复仇,就象征着饱受压迫的女性对父权社会的绝望反抗。
(三)
作为哈代的代表作,《德伯家的苔丝》是一部包罗万象的小说,接下来,我从三个主题入手,来把握小说的主旨,从而让读者深入了解这部小说。
小说的第一个主题,是性格。
在哈代看来,一个人的性格有时决定了他的命运。苔丝就是一个典范。
苔丝是哈代很喜欢的一个人物,代表了哈代对传统乡土社会美好一部分的怀念。
他在小说中对苔丝描写道:“她是一个娟秀俊俏的姑娘——同有些别的姑娘比起来,也许不是更俊俏——但是她那生动的艳若牡丹的嘴,加上一双天真无邪的大眼睛,就为她的容貌和形象增添了动人之处。”
哈代想描绘的不只是苔丝外表的纯洁,还有她在性格品质上的纯洁。他希望让威塞克斯人的淳朴良善都集中在苔丝身上。所以,苔丝生活在一个淳朴的环境里,年少的她缺乏人生经验,在遇见克莱前,她甚至连恋爱都没谈过,她一直都在努力寻求道德上的纯洁,罪恶里的救赎。因为这份对纯洁道德的追求,她被亚力克奸污后,毅然离开德伯家独自求生;她看到折翅的鸟儿垂死挣扎,会泪流满面。
讽刺的是,恰恰是苔丝的纯洁为她招致祸患,她的美丽和纯洁让亚力克垂涎。哈代细致地描绘了亚力克对苔丝的渴望。小说写道:“她站在那儿,光艳照人,就像她年轻生命的光谱中的血红色光芒。她有一种品质,这种品质现在却变成了对她不利的因素;也正是这种品质,引起了亚历克·德北的注意,使他把目光集中在她的身上。”于是,亚力克频繁接触苔丝,他与苔丝没有认识多久,就对苔丝说一些放荡的话语。有一次,苔丝坐在他的马车上,他故意让马车速度放快,好让苔丝害怕,然后他就对苔丝说:“苔丝,你要是让我吻一吻你那副樱桃小嘴,再不就让我亲一亲你那片热乎乎的小脸蛋儿,我就叫马停下来。”
最终,亚力克在一个夜晚夺走了苔丝的贞操。对于天真纯洁的苔丝来说,那一夜是“留下终身遗恨的惨痛的一夜”。小伙描绘了苔丝内心的煎熬:“她把自己看成是一个罪恶的化身,被人侵犯了清白的领域。”苔丝被人侵犯,可是,因为她内心对纯洁的坚持,“她却把自己想象成这个环境中的一个不伦不类的人”。
哈代似乎有意将这种讽刺进行下去。在与克莱的相处中,纯洁再一次成为整个矛盾的触发点。一个追求纯洁的男人,遇见一个真正纯洁的女性,反而失望了。
这个追求纯洁的男人就是克莱。他将苔丝视作纯洁的象征、理想的妻子,于是,他主动向苔丝求婚。然而,当苔丝在新婚之夜鼓足勇气,坦白自己曾被人奸污,克莱的幻想却破灭了。克莱从小接受牧师的教育,他所追求的纯洁是精神上的,也是身体上的,本来,他以为苔丝白璧无瑕,是“大自然的女儿”,可原来这个纯洁的女子已经失去了贞操,这让克莱无法忍受。
可以说,克莱内心的真实欲望宗教观念,一直在交锋。他无法摆脱社会和家庭灌输给他的观念,所以无法接纳一个失去贞操的苔丝、一个不纯洁的苔丝。在潜意识里,克莱对苔丝给予同情,但他又无法摆脱当时的伦理道德束缚。
在哈代的笔下,纯洁的品质不只体现在苔丝的身上,还有其他的劳动女性。比如牛奶厂的女性工友,她们都喜欢克莱,但是当苔丝与克莱在一起,她们并没有阻挠,而是真诚地送上祝福。在她们的身上,读者也能感受到纯洁。
与书中的男性角色相比,哈代对女性更加偏爱,他之所以对女性倾注如此深厚的同情,跟他的出生环境有很大关系。小时候,在贫穷的乡村,是母亲想方设法把哈代送进新创办的乡村小学,让哈代从小接受教育,这让哈代对母亲十分感激;另一方面,因为从小生活在乡村,哈代对女性的困境深有体会,他目睹了乡村女性遭受的剥削与压迫,为此愤懑不平。
(四)
下面进入小说的第二个主题,出身。
苔丝的贫苦出身让她早早学会独立。她的父亲是一家之主,却好吃懒做,使整个家庭负担沉重。而她的母亲是一位传统的家庭主妇,照顾孩子等脏活累活都在她的身上。苔丝的父母收入不多,却要抚养包括苔丝在内的七个子女,其中有一个一岁的婴孩、一个三岁的女孩,还有比苔丝小的三个女孩子。为了维持整个家的生计,苔丝不得不帮助父母分担事务。“她感到自己就像是一个马尔萨斯的门徒,来看待她母亲糊里糊涂地给她生下的一群弟弟妹妹”,苔丝对她的弟弟和妹妹很疼爱、呵护,一放学回家,她就到附近的农田里割草、收庄稼,或者帮母亲挤牛奶、搅奶油。
苔丝虽然出身不好,却没有埋怨父母,恰恰相反,她极力维护自己的家人,如果有人嘲笑她的父母,她会生气。小说开头,当村庄游行队的姑娘们笑话她的父亲说大话时,她说:“我告诉你们,要是你们拿他开玩笑,那我就一步也不再跟你们往前走!”而自始至终,哪怕家人出卖了她,她也没有表现出决绝的反抗。为了整个家的利益,苔丝愿意牺牲自我。所以,当父亲去世,家庭住处的契约到期,一家人无处安身、饥寒交迫,苔丝被迫接受了母亲与亚历克达成的交易。
纯洁的苔丝拥有很强的责任心。她的责任心塑造了她的人格魅力,却把她推向悲剧的深渊。小说有这么一段:“苔丝因为是把她的父母拖进泥淖的人,所以心里一直在默不作声地盘算着,怎样帮助他们从泥淖里摆脱出来。”在小说的第一章,苔丝原本不愿意去德伯家攀亲戚,但是,在与弟弟一起送蜂蜜进城的路上,她遭遇事故,家里唯一的老马意外死亡,她觉得这是自己的责任,为此想要帮助父母摆脱困境、弥补过错。小说写道:“苔丝心里总有一种她惹了祸的沉重感觉,因此这就使苔丝对她母亲的愿望,比平时顺从多了。”所以她才会改变主意、投奔德伯太太家,这才有了后面的故事。表面上看,是苔丝的父母的虚荣心酿成了过错,其实,在这里起决定作用的是苔丝性格中的责任感。
苔丝的责任感贯穿整部小说,在她与克莱的相处中也有显现。原来,苔丝和克莱相处地十分融洽,克莱多次向苔丝求婚,足见他对苔丝的爱意。可是,苔丝却觉得自己有义务把她的过去告诉克莱,包括她曾经被亚力克诱奸的事情,因为她觉得自己有责任把自己的一切都让所爱的人知道,否则就是对对方的不公平。可就是因为苔丝的坦白,让克莱的幻想破坏,从而离开。苔丝不得不重承受肉体和心灵上的新的苦难和折磨。
同样是出于责任感,苔丝才会杀死亚力克。她对克莱说:“我杀了他——也不知道是怎么把他杀死的......不过,安吉尔,为了你,也为了我自己,我非这么做不可。”
苔丝把杀死亚历克当作自己的责任,看成他救赎自我所要完成的任务。为她自己,为她的丈夫,也为了这世界上和她一样遭遇不幸的妇女!
(五)
最后,来看看小说的第三个主题,命运。
苔丝的身上体现了个人在命运面前的渺小。苔丝的原名其实是苔蕾莎•德比,德比是德伯这一贵族姓氏的误拼,当苔丝的父亲被人告知是贵族的后代,他就做起春秋大梦,希望攀附沾亲带故的贵族子弟。巧合的是,商人亚历克的家族为了博取名声,冒领的正是德伯这个姓氏,于是,两个本来毫无关系的家庭,就这样产生了联系,而这也正是苔丝的父母在穷困潦倒之际,让苔丝去亚历克家攀亲的原因。命运从人出生的一刻就捉弄了苔丝,她却无能为力,所以在小说中,她不止一次表现出对命运的感慨。比如,在得知亚历克对自己的觊觎后,她说:“我但愿自己没有出生——不管是在哪儿或任何别的地方!”
而在《德伯家的苔丝》结尾中,哈代深情地写下:““死刑”执行了,用埃斯库罗斯的话说,那个众神之王对苔丝的戏弄也就结束了。”这句话里的众神之王,出自希腊悲剧家埃斯库罗斯的悲剧《被囚的普罗米修斯》,《被囚的普罗米修斯》正是西方文学史里经典的命运悲剧。值得注意的是,哈代对宿命的理解让人联想起古希腊悲剧大师索福克勒斯。后者笔下的俄狄浦斯改变不了命运的安排,他杀父娶母,最后自己刺瞎双目,流浪而死。哈代与索福克勒斯不同的是,他并不只是借助于一个个偶然事件来展开他的故事,他把人物的命运和性格紧密结合,使故事情节更加合乎情理,因此,他的故事更有说服力和感染力。
哈代是一个宿命论者,他对个人的命运在总体持有悲观的看法。他认为左右人类命运的,除了一个人性格的原因,还有社会内部不可克服的矛盾和神秘莫测的宇宙意志。哈代强调宇宙的不可知性,在强大的宇宙力量面前,人类渺小如蝼蚁。当一个人面临环境的冲突,他就会被命运支配,甚至在人生的一些偶然场合,命运也会降临到个人身上。
比如在小说中,苔丝替醉酒的父亲驱赶货车上路,命运之神就捉弄了她,使货车与邮车相撞,撞死了构成她家唯一生活来源的、拉货车的老马,苔丝为此于心有愧,这才违心地答应父亲前往亚力克家的庄园,为后面的悲剧埋下伏笔。
哈代对命运的思考不只局限在个人身上,除了我们刚刚提到的苔丝的悲剧,整个苔丝家庭乃至乡村的衰败,也被赋予了宿命的味道。哈代的宿命论甚至倾注在景物描写中,我们可以注意到,小说对苔丝的故乡的景色的描写,是有明显的色调变化的,从开头的春意盎然,到结尾的晦暗肃杀,环境变化所隐喻的不只是苔丝的悲剧,也是整个乡村的衰败。
可以说,《德伯家的苔丝》是哈代宿命论的代表作。它是哈代命运观的一个总的浓缩。
透过苔丝的悲剧,哈代在为饥寒交迫的破产农业户发出声音,也在重新伸张失落的人文主义精神。哈代或许比其他人都要清楚:一个新时代即将来临,旧时代不可避免地要消逝。到那时,资本主义的生产方式将会彻底改造传统的乡村。但是,哪怕自己无法改变这种历史潮流,他仍要记录那些即将消逝的美好,做一个负隅顽抗的人。
作者:宗城
Everything has the place which the delightful bird sings, also has poisonous snake hissing sound hissing sound calling
The survival destroys, this is the question which is worth pondering
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Everything has the place which the delightful bird sings, also has poisonous snake hissing sound hissing sound calling The survival destroys, this is the question which is worth pondering
给你10句经典的引语: 1.“You are the lineal representative of the ancient and knightly family of the d’Urbervilles, who derive their descent from Sir Pagan d’Urberville, that renowned knight who came from Normandy with William the Conqueror, as appears by Battle Abbey Roll?( P. 5 Parson Twingham plants the idea in John Durbeyfield’s mind that he and his family are better than their neighbors and thus begins Tess’s path toward destruction.) 2. “Tess Durbeyfield at this time of her life was a mere vessel of emotion untinctured by experience.”(P.13 At the beginning of the novel, Tess is angry when the villagers attempt to make fun of her prideful father riding home in a hired cart he can’t afford. In a state of heightened emotion, she tells her friends that she will no longer talk to them if they laugh at Durbeyfield. From the beginning, Tess demonstrates great love for her family. She will defend them to the death.) 3. “I don’t know; but I think so. They sometimes seem to be like the apples on our stubbard-tree, most of them splendid and sound—a few blighted.” (P.31 As the youngsters ride along at night to market, Tess pessimistically explains to her younger brother Abraham that stars are indeed worlds and that they have the misfortune to live on a blighted star and that this explains all their family’s misfortunes) 4. “By this time every couple had been suitable matched…an inner cloud of dust rose around the prostate figures.”(P. 68 Unlike Car Darch and the other crude working women, Tess keeps herself pure and apart from drinking and sexual activity. However, as Hardy would have it, despite her efforts, Tess’s fate insures that she will fail to preserve her chastity after she rides off with Alec d’Urberville into the woods.) 5.“I wish I had never been born--there or anywhere else. “(P. 87 Tess says this to Alec d’Urberville after he has seduced her and she feels forced to return home to Marlott in disgrace. She will make this wish over and over throughout the novel until she finally gets her wish.) 6. “Perhaps, of all things, a lie on this thing would do the most good to me now; but I have honour enough left, little as ‘tis, not to tell that lie.” (P. 89 After a month with Alec d’Urberville, Tess realizes she must leave him. Although it would serve her well financially to tell d’Urberville she is in love with him, Tess maintains her honor by leaving him and not becoming his paid mistress.) 7. “`Dead! dead! dead!’” he murmured. After fixedly regarding her for some moments with the same gaze of unmeasurable woe he bent lower, enclosed her in his arms, and rolled her in the sheet as in a shroud. Then lifting her from the bed with as much respect as one would show to a dead body, he carried her across the room, murmuring, ‘My poor, poor Tess, my dearest darling Tess! So sweet, so good, so true!’” (P. 279 After telling him of her secret past, Tess finds Angel sleepwalking and looming over her in the dark. Pride keeps Angel from accepting and loving Tess, yet unconsciously he remains deeply in love with her and understands her reasoning for not telling him the truth. This scene foreshadows Tess’s early death.) 8. “Under the trees several pheasants lay about, their rich plumage dabbled with blood; some were dead, some feebly twitching a wing…Tess’s first thought was to put the still living birds out of their torture, and to this end with her own hands she broke the necks of as many as she could find… ‘Poor darlings—to suppose myself the most miserable being on earth in the sight o’ such misery as yours!’ she exclaimed, her tears running down as she killed the birds tenderly.” (P. 312 After changing her mind about asking Angel’s parents for help, Tess despairs after spending the night outdoors. In the morning she spies the dead and dying pheasants and experiences an affinity for the tortured birds. Then, despite her tortured life at Flintcomb-Ash, she optimistically rallies and realizes that compared with the birds, her life is not bad. Despite her attempts to remain optimistic, however, Hardy’s pessimistic views insure that Tess is doomed and that the birds’ wrung necks foreshadow her own death by hanging. 9. “His father too was shocked to see him. So reduced was that figure from its former contours by worry…you could see the skeleton behind the man and almost the ghost behind the skeleton.” (P. 416 Like his forlorn wife Tess, Angel Clare also undergoes great mental and physical hardship when he is separated from her in Brazil. The price of forgoing his immature judgmental ways comes at great personal cost.) 10. “Justice was done, and the President of the Immortals, in Aeschylean phrase, had ended his sport with Tess.” (P. 447 The Greek dramatist Aeschylus wrote tragedies. Like Aeschylus’s characters, Tess ultimately had no control over her life. Her actions were fate-driven, predestined, determined solely by the whim, or the sport, of the gods.)